The 88-year-old man is afraid of pain.  Originally he chooses #10 extraction and implant.  At the time of appointment of surgery, the tooth #8 has apical infection.  Extraction of #8 turns out to be difficult.  When the tooth is removed with flap, the buccal plate is lost (Fig.1 between **).  The ridge at #7 is extremely narrow (^).  It appears that the tooth #7 extraction must have been equally traumatic.

Difficult Extraction Obliterated Canal Last Next Immediate Before Cementation

Xin Wei, DDS, PhD, MS 1st edition 11/10/2016, last revision 02/20/2021