Root canal filling of the lower left 1st molar is incomplete with mild periapical radiolucency (Fig.2).  The septum is wide (*).

After removal of the remaining crown (Fig.3 *) and exposure of the top of the septum, a pilot drill (1.5 mm) is used to initiate the osteotomy (D).  Red line: the upper and lower borders of the inferior alveolar canal.

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Xin Wei, DDS, PhD, MS 1st edition 03/24/2013, last revision 01/29/2014